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바: Usage 1: Referring to a Past Notice
바: Usage 2: Taking an Opportunity
Vocabulary
Nouns:
인원 = people, personnel
이전 = before, previously, before this
이후 = later, after this
공문 = official document
재차 = again, once more
상시 = constantly, at all times
출입자 = people going in and out
관리자 = manager, administrator
Verbs:
면하다 = to avoid, to be exempt from
언급하다 = to state
명시하다 = to specify
취급하다 = to handle
상존하다 = to exist, to always be there
자동화하다 = to automate
Adjectives:
중대하다 = to be significant, important
이러하다 = this sort of thing
Adverbs and Other Words:
바 = as previously mentioned
이왕 = already
앞서 = before, prior to
엄격히 = strictly
Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn about a complex, formal pseudo-noun. This noun is often found in notices and legal documents. In this lesson, you will learn about 바. Let’s get started.
바: Usage 1: Referring to a Past Notice
In many previous lessons, you have learned about pseudo-nouns. These nouns cannot be used on their own, but can only be used in the presence of something else. Most recently, you learned about 겸 in the previous lesson and 둥 in Lesson 191. 바 is another example of a pseudo-noun.
In Lesson 26 and Lesson 27, you learned how to describe upcoming nouns in the past tense. 바 is often described by a verb in the past tense, either with ~ㄴ/은 or ~던.
The verbs that describe 바 often relate to some form of print communication or notice. By describing 바 with these types of verbs, the speaker can refer to the content mentioned earlier in that communication or notice. For example, it is common to see things like the following:
말한 바 = as said
알린 바 = as was informed
밝힌 바 = as revealed
언급한 바 = as stated
발표한 바 = as announced
전한 바 = as reported
주장한 바 = as claimed
설명한 바 = as explained
정한 바 = as decided
결정한 바 = as decided
명시한 바 = as specified
약속한 바 = as promised
The list above is not exhaustive, but it should give you an idea of the type of words that are commonly used to describe 바. There are three common things that are used immediately after 바 when used in sentences. They are:
말한 바와 같이 = as said
말한 바대로 = just as said
말한 바에 따르면 = according to what was said
These constructions can now be used in sentences where appropriate. For example:
앞서 말한 바와 같이 회의는 오후 3시에 시작돼요
= As previously mentioned, the meeting starts at 3 p.m.
말한 바에 따르면, 그는 이미 출발했어요
= According to what he said, he’s already left
그녀가 말한 바대로 이루어졌어요
= It happened just as she said
Using 바 is mostly found in writing, especially in warning signs and notices. For example, imagine there is a sign with a lot of written down rules. After the stated rules, the notice might want to refer to them. In this case, you could see 바. For example:
화학 물질 취급 구역 – 출입 제한 안내
본 구역은 유해 화학 물질을 보관 및 취급하는 장소
- 보호장비 착용 없이 출입할 경우 심각한 건강 피해가 발생할 수 있으며,
- 물질에 따라 폭발 또는 화재 위험이 상존하고,
- 허가받지 않은 인원이 장비를 조작할 경우 중대한 안전사고로 이어질 수 있습니다.
이러한 위험 요소로 인해 출입을 엄격히 제한하고 정해진 절차에 따라 통제해 온 바
모든 출입자는 안전수칙을 철저히 준수하고, 관리자 승인 없이는 절대 출입을 시도해서는 안 됩니다.
Translation:
Hazardous Chemical Handling Zone – Access Restriction Notice
This area contains hazardous chemicals that are stored and handled on site.
- Entering without protective gear may result in serious health hazards,
- Some substances pose constant risks of explosion or fire, and
- Unauthorized operation of equipment may lead to severe safety incidents.
Due to these dangers, access has been strictly limited and controlled according to established procedures, all individuals must comply with the safety protocols and must not attempt entry without explicit approval from a supervisor.
—
Below are standalone sentences using 바:
모든 출입자는 보호장비를 착용해야 하며 이와 관련된 안전수칙은 사전에 엄격히 명시한 바 위반 시 출입이 제한될 수 있습니다.
= All entrants must wear protective equipment, and since the safety rules regarding this were clearly specified in advance, violations may result in restricted access.
본 구역은 위험 물질을 취급하는 장소로서 상시 위험이 상존하는 바, 출입자는 관리자 승인 없이 무단으로 출입할 수 없습니다
= This area involves the handling of hazardous materials, and because risks are always present, no one may enter without authorization
이 구역은 출입자를 제한해야 할 중대한 사유가 존재함을 이미 언급한 바 재차 공지 없이 출입이 통제될 수 있음을 유의하시기 바랍니다
= The fact that there are significant reasons to restrict access to this area has already been stated, so please be aware that entry may be denied without further notice
이러한 내용은 이전 공문에서도 명시된 바와 같이 본 기관은 출입 통제에 대해 예외를 두지 않습니다
= As such matters were already specified in prior documents, this institution does not allow any exceptions to its access control policies
관계자 외 인원의 출입은 중대한 사고로 이어질 수 있음을 경고한 바 이를 위반하는 경우 책임을 면할 수 없습니다
= As we have already warned that unauthorized personnel entering could lead to serious accidents, those who violate this will bear full responsibility
Let’s now look at another use of 바.
바: Usage 2: Taking an Opportunity
Another meaning 바 has is to indicate an opportunity. Typically, 바 is described by some verb using ~ㄴ/은/는 and it allows the speaker to indicate that while that action is taking place, they might as well take the opportunity to do another action as well. When used like this, ~에 is usually attached to 바. For example:
이왕 캐나다에 가는 바에 미국에도 잠깐 들르는 게 어때요?
Since we’re going to Canada anyway, how about stopping by the U.S. too?
이왕 도서관에 가는 바에 책이라도 한 권 빌리자
= Since we’re going to the library anyway, let’s at least borrow a book
If ~ㄹ/을 is used to describe 바, there is a slightly different nuance. Describing 바 with ~ㄹ/을 suggests that the first clause will result in something so unwanted or undesirable, and the second clause suggests a preferred alternative. For example:
기다릴 바에는 택시를 타는 게 나아요
= If I’m going to wait, I’d rather just take a taxi
In this situation, the speaker indicates that waiting is an undesirable option. Therefore, instead of just waiting, they will rather take a taxi. Below are a few other examples:
출입자를 엄격히 통제할 바에 아예 막는 게 나아요
= If we’re going to strictly control entry, we might as well block it completely
사람들이 작업을 할 때 실수할 바에 그냥 자동화하는 게 좋아요
= If people are going to make mistakes while working, it’s better to just automate it
That’s it for this lesson!