Lesson 197: 바 – Referring to a Past Notice and Taking an Opportunity

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바: Usage 1: Referring to a Past Notice
바: Usage 2: Taking an Opportunity

Vocabulary

Nouns:
인원 = people, personnel

Common Usages:
인원 충원 = personnel supplementation, filling staff

Examples:
이 일를 성공시키기 위해 모든 인원을 동원해야 해요
= To make this work successful, we need to get everybody on board

관계자 외 인원의 출입은 중대한 사고로 이어질 수 있음을 경고한 바 이를 위반하는 경우 책임을 면할 수 없습니다
= As we have already warned that unauthorized personnel entering could lead to serious accidents, those who violate this will bear full responsibility

이전 = before, previously, before this

Common Usages:
이전 기록 = previous record
이전 내역 = previous transaction details

Examples:
이전에는 이런 기술이 없었지만, 이제는 누구나 쉽게 사용할 수 있어요
= This kind of technology didn’t exist before, but now anyone can use it easily

이러한 내용은 이전 공문에서도 명시된 바와 같이 본 기관은 출입 통제에 대해 예외를 두지 않습니다
= As such matters were already specified in prior documents, this institution does not allow any exceptions to its access control policies

이후 = later, after this

Examples:
회의는 다음 주 이후로 연기되었어요
= The meeting was postponed until after next week

공문 = official document

Common Usages:
공문이 내려오다 = for an official document to be issued

Examples:
그는 회사에 중요한 공문을 보내기 전에 여러 번 검토했어요
= He reviewed the official document several times before sending it to the company

재차 = again, once more

Examples:
여행자 보험의 중요성을 재차 강조했지만 결국 보험 없이 여행을 갔어요
= I emphasized over and over again the importance of travel insurance but, in the end, he went traveling without it

이 구역은 출입자를 제한해야 할 중대한 사유가 존재함을 이미 언급한 바 재차 공지 없이 출입이 통제될 수 있음을 유의하시기 바랍니다
= The fact that there are significant reasons to restrict access to this area has already been stated, so please be aware that entry may be denied without further notice

상시 = constantly, at all times

Common Usages:
상시 모집 = ongoing recruitment

Examples:
언제든지 연락 가능하니 상시 대기 중인 셈이에요
= You can reach me anytime, so I’m basically on standby constantly

본 구역은 위험 물질을 취급하는 장소로서 상시 위험이 상존하는 바, 출입자는 관리자 승인 없이 무단으로 출입할 수 없습니다
= This area involves the handling of hazardous materials, and because risks are always present, no one may enter without authorization

출입자 = people going in and out

Examples:
모든 출입자는 보호장비를 착용해야 하며 이와 관련된 안전수칙은 사전에 엄격히 명시한 바 위반 시 출입이 제한될 수 있습니다
= All entrants must wear protective equipment, and since the safety rules regarding this were clearly specified in advance, violations may result in restricted access

관리자 = manager, administrator

Examples:
관리자는 모든 직원의 근무 상황을 꼼꼼히 확인했어요
= The manager carefully checked the work status of all employees

Verbs:
면하다 = to avoid, to be exempt from

Common Usages:
책임을 면하다 = to avoid responsibility, to be exempt from responsibility

Examples:
그는 사건의 책임을 면하기 위해 일부러 거짓말을 했어요
= He deliberately lied to avoid responsibility for the incident

언급하다 = to state

Examples:
보고서에서 그 문제에 대해 명확하게 언급하지 않았어요
= The report did not clearly mention that issue

명시하다 = to specify

Examples:
이러한 내용은 이전 공문에서도 명시된 바와 같이 본 기관은 출입 통제에 대해 예외를 두지 않습니다
= As such matters were already specified in prior documents, this institution does not allow any exceptions to its access control policies

모든 출입자는 보호장비를 착용해야 하며 이와 관련된 안전수칙은 사전에 엄격히 명시한 바 위반 시 출입이 제한될 수 있습니다
= All entrants must wear protective equipment, and since the safety rules regarding this were clearly specified in advance, violations may result in restricted access

취급하다 = to handle

Common Usages:
취급점 = authorized dealer

Examples:
이 문제는 행정부에서 취급하는 사항이에요
= This issue is handled by the administration

상존하다 = to exist, to always be there

Examples:
그 문제는 오랫동안 사회에 상존하는 불안 요소였어요
= The issue has long existed as a source of social unrest

자동화하다 = to automate

Examples:
회사는 업무 효율성을 높이기 위해 생산 과정을 자동화했어요
= The company automated its production process to improve efficiency

사람들이 작업을 할 때 실수할 바에 그냥 자동화하는 게 좋아요
= If people are going to make mistakes while working, it’s better to just automate it

Adjectives:
중대하다 = to be significant, important

Common Usages:
중대 발표 = major announcement

Examples:
오늘 우리 나라가 아주 중대한 결정을 내릴 거예요
= Our country is going to make a significant decision today

이러하다 = this sort of thing

Examples:
이러한 간접 흡연은 건강에 해를 끼칠 수 있어요
= Such secondhand smoke can harm health

Adverbs and Other Words:
바 = as previously mentioned

Common Usages:
비할 바 아니다 = to be incomparable
앞서 언급한 바와 같이 = as mentioned earlier

Examples:
관계자 외 인원의 출입은 중대한 사고로 이어질 수 있음을 경고한 바 이를 위반하는 경우 책임을 면할 수 없습니다
= As we have already warned that unauthorized personnel entering could lead to serious accidents, those who violate this will bear full responsibility

이왕 = already

Common Usages:
이왕 이렇게 된 거 = since it’s already come to this

Examples:
이왕 캐나다에 가는 바에 미국에도 잠깐 들르는 게 어때요?
= Since we’re going to Canada anyway, how about stopping by the U.S. too?

이왕 도서관에 가는 바에 책이라도 한 권 빌리자
= Since we’re going to the library anyway, let’s at least borrow a book

앞서 = before, prior to

Common Usages:
앞서 언급한 바와 같이 = as mentioned earlier

Examples:
앞서 말한 바와 같이 회의는 오후 3시에 시작돼요
= As previously mentioned, the meeting starts at 3 p.m.

회의에 앞서 그는 자료를 꼼꼼히 준비했어요
= Before the meeting, he carefully prepared all the materials

엄격히 = strictly

Examples:
출입자를 엄격히 통제할 바에 아예 막는 게 나아요
= If we’re going to strictly control entry, we might as well block it completely

Introduction

In this lesson, you will learn about a complex, formal pseudo-noun. This noun is often found in notices and legal documents. In this lesson, you will learn about 바. Let’s get started.

바: Usage 1: Referring to a Past Notice

In many previous lessons, you have learned about pseudo-nouns. These nouns cannot be used on their own, but can only be used in the presence of something else. Most recently, you learned about 겸 in the previous lesson and 둥 in Lesson 191. 바 is another example of a pseudo-noun.

In Lesson 26 and Lesson 27, you learned how to describe upcoming nouns in the past tense. 바 is often described by a verb in the past tense, either with ~ㄴ/은 or ~던.

The verbs that describe 바 often relate to some form of print communication or notice. By describing 바 with these types of verbs, the speaker can refer to the content mentioned earlier in that communication or notice. For example, it is common to see things like the following:

말한 바 = as said
알린 바 = as was informed
밝힌 바 = as revealed
언급한 바 = as stated
발표한 바 = as announced
전한 바 = as reported
주장한 바 = as claimed
설명한 바 = as explained
정한 바 = as decided
결정한 바 = as decided
명시한 바 = as specified
약속한 바 = as promised

The list above is not exhaustive, but it should give you an idea of the type of words that are commonly used to describe 바. There are three common things that are used immediately after 바 when used in sentences. They are:

말한 바와 같이 = as said
말한 바대로 = just as said
말한 바에 따르면 = according to what was said

These constructions can now be used in sentences where appropriate. For example:

앞서 말한 바와 같이 회의는 오후 3시에 시작돼요
= As previously mentioned, the meeting starts at 3 p.m.

말한 바에 따르면, 그는 이미 출발했어요
= According to what he said, he’s already left

그녀가 말한 바대로 이루어졌어요
= It happened just as she said

Using 바 is mostly found in writing, especially in warning signs and notices. For example, imagine there is a sign with a lot of written down rules. After the stated rules, the notice might want to refer to them. In this case, you could see 바. For example:

화학 물질 취급 구역 – 출입 제한 안내
본 구역은 유해 화학 물질을 보관 및 취급하는 장소

보호장비 착용 없이 출입할 경우 심각한 건강 피해가 발생할 수 있으며,
물질에 따라 폭발 또는 화재 위험이 상존하고,
허가받지 않은 인원이 장비를 조작할 경우 중대한 안전사고로 이어질 수 있습니다.

이러한 위험 요소로 인해 출입을 엄격히 제한하고 정해진 절차에 따라 통제해 온 바
모든 출입자는 안전수칙을 철저히 준수하고, 관리자 승인 없이는 절대 출입을 시도해서는 안 됩니다.

Translation:

Hazardous Chemical Handling Zone – Access Restriction Notice
This area contains hazardous chemicals that are stored and handled on site.

Entering without protective gear may result in serious health hazards,
Some substances pose constant risks of explosion or fire, and
Unauthorized operation of equipment may lead to severe safety incidents.

Due to these dangers, access has been strictly limited and controlled according to established procedures, all individuals must comply with the safety protocols and must not attempt entry without explicit approval from a supervisor.

—

Below are standalone sentences using 바:

모든 출입자는 보호장비를 착용해야 하며 이와 관련된 안전수칙은 사전에 엄격히 명시한 바 위반 시 출입이 제한될 수 있습니다.
= All entrants must wear protective equipment, and since the safety rules regarding this were clearly specified in advance, violations may result in restricted access.

Let’s now look at another use of 바.

바: Usage 2: Taking an Opportunity

Another meaning 바 has is to indicate an opportunity. Typically, 바 is described by some verb using ~ㄴ/은/는 and it allows the speaker to indicate that while that action is taking place, they might as well take the opportunity to do another action as well. When used like this, ~에 is usually attached to 바. For example:

이왕 캐나다에 가는 바에 미국에도 잠깐 들르는 게 어때요?
Since we’re going to Canada anyway, how about stopping by the U.S. too?

이왕 도서관에 가는 바에 책이라도 한 권 빌리자
= Since we’re going to the library anyway, let’s at least borrow a book

If ~ㄹ/을 is used to describe 바, there is a slightly different nuance. Describing 바 with ~ㄹ/을 suggests that the first clause will result in something so unwanted or undesirable, and the second clause suggests a preferred alternative. For example:

기다릴 바에는 택시를 타는 게 나아요
= If I’m going to wait, I’d rather just take a taxi

In this situation, the speaker indicates that waiting is an undesirable option. Therefore, instead of just waiting, they will rather take a taxi. Below are a few other examples:

출입자를 엄격히 통제할 바에 아예 막는 게 나아요
= If we’re going to strictly control entry, we might as well block it completely

사람들이 작업을 할 때 실수할 바에 그냥 자동화하는 게 좋아요
= If people are going to make mistakes while working, it’s better to just automate it

That’s it for this lesson!

Okay, take me to the next lesson!