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Vocabulary
Nouns:
조류 = bird species
Common Usages:
조류 독감 = avian influenza, bird flu
Examples:
수중에서 정박하려던 배가 조류 때문에 계속 떠내려가나 봐요
= It looks like the ship trying to anchor underwater is drifting because of the current
환경 변화로 인해 조류의 서식지가 점점 줄어들고 있어서 보호 대책이 시급해요
= Due to environmental changes, the habitats of bird species are rapidly shrinking, making conservation
어류 = fish species
Examples:
이 지역 강에서는 다양한 어류가 서식하고 있지만, 최근 수질 오염으로 개체 수가 급격히 감소했어요
= Various fish species live in this river, but their population has sharply declined due to recent water pollution
순위 = ranking
Common Usages:
순위 매기기 = ranking
Examples:
가산점을 받았으나 순위는 변하지 않았어요
= Extra points were given, but the ranking didn’t change
그는 이번 대회에서 아쉽게도 2위에 그쳤지만, 전체 순위로 보면 여전히 상위권에 속한다
= He unfortunately placed second in this competition, but overall, he still ranks among the top
요건 = requirement
Common Usages:
요건 사항 = required conditions
요건 충족 = requirement fulfillment
Examples:
요건은 갖췄으나 결과는 좋지 않았어요
= The requirements were met, but the result wasn’t good
요건만 맞으면 아무 거나 선택해도 가산점이 주어져요
= As long as the requirements are met, you’ll receive bonus points no matter what you choose
수중 = underwater
Common Usages:
수중 환경 = underwater environment
Examples:
수중에서 정박하려던 배가 조류 때문에 계속 떠내려가나 봐요
= It looks like the ship trying to anchor underwater is drifting because of the current
잠수부들은 수중에서 부서진 선박의 잔해를 조사하고 있었어요
= Divers were investigating the wreckage of a sunken ship underwater
요점 = main point
Common Usages:
요점 정리 = summary of key points
요점을 파악하다 = to grasp the main point
Examples:
요점을 말하나 전달이 잘 안 돼요
= The main point is stated, but it isn’t communicated well
발표 시간이 짧으니까, 요점만 간단히 정리해서 설명해 주세요
= Since the presentation time is short, please summarize and explain only the main points
방역 = disease prevention
Common Usages:
방역 업체 = disinfection company
Examples:
방역이나 방책 중 하나는 제대로 뒷받침되어야 해요
= Either disease prevention or a proper strategy must be backed up properly
정부는 전염병 확산을 막기 위해 전국적으로 방역 조치를 강화했어요
= The government strengthened nationwide disease prevention measures to stop the spread of the epidemic
중책 = heavy responsibility
Examples:
그렇게 중요한 중책을 그 사람에게 맡겨도 되나요?
= Can we really entrust such an important responsibility to that person?
그는 회사의 위기를 극복하기 위해 중책을 맡게 되었지만, 부담이 만만치 않았어요
= He took on a heavy responsibility to help the company overcome its crisis, but it was no easy burden
방책 = way to do something
Common Usages:
방책 마련 = preparation of countermeasures
Examples:
방역이나 방책 중 하나는 제대로 뒷받침되어야 해요
= Either disease prevention or a proper strategy must be backed up properly
이 문제를 해결할 수 있는 방책을 여러 부서가 함께 모색하고 있어요
= Several departments are working together to find a solution to this issue
세부 = fine details
Common Usages:
세부 사항 = details
Examples:
요점보다는 세부에 너무 집착하고 있나 싶다
= I wonder if we’re focusing too much on the fine details rather than the main point
계약서의 세부 조항을 꼼꼼히 읽지 않으면 나중에 문제가 생길 수 있어요
= If you don’t read the detailed clauses of the contract carefully, problems may arise later
사항 = matter, item, point, issue
Common Usages:
세부 사항 = details
공지 사항 = notice
변경 사항 = changes
문의 사항 = inquiries
Examples:
세부사항은 다르나 전체 흐름은 같아요
= The details differ, but the overall flow is the same
시위대는 거리를 행진하며 요구사항을 외쳤어요
= The demonstrators marched down the street, shouting their demands
변경 사항이 생기면 통지해 드리겠습니다
= In the event of a change, we will notify you
학교는 공지사항을 모두에게 배포했어요
= The school distributed the announcement to everyone
선생님은 여행을 떠나기 전에 안전 겸 염두에 두어야 할 사항들을 꼼꼼히 확인했어요
= Before going on the trip, the teacher carefully checked the things he needed to keep in mind for both safety and caution
가산점 = additional points
Common Usages:
가산점 부여 = giving extra points
Examples:
가산점을 받았으나 순위는 변하지 않았어요
= Extra points were given, but the ranking didn’t change
봉사활동 경력이 있는 지원자에게는 면접에서 가산점이 부여돼요
= Applicants with volunteer experience are given extra points during the interview
Verbs:
수반하다 = to accompany
Examples:
위험을 수반하나 포기할 수는 없어요
= It involves risk, but we can’t give up
새로운 정책에는 반드시 예산 증액이 수반되어야 해요
= The new policy must necessarily be accompanied by an increase in the budget
소진하다 = to burn down
Common Usages:
예산을 소진하다 = to exhaust the budget
Examples:
그는 며칠 동안 쉬지 않고 일하느라 체력을 완전히 소진해 버렸어요
= He completely exhausted his energy after working nonstop for several days
정박하다 = to anchor
Examples:
수중에서 정박하려던 배가 조류 때문에 계속 떠내려가나 봐요
= It looks like the ship trying to anchor underwater is drifting because of the current
폭풍이 다가오자 모든 선박이 가까운 항구에 정박했어요
= As the storm approached, all ships anchored at a nearby port
집착하다 = to obsess over, to cling to mentally
Common Usages:
집착증 = obsessive disorder
Examples:
이 문제에 대해 많이 집착하지 마세요
= Don’t obsess too much about this issue
요점보다는 세부에 너무 집착하고 있나 싶다
= I wonder if we’re focusing too much on the fine details rather than the main point
떠내려가다 = to be carried/drifted away by water
Examples:
폭우로 강이 범람하면서 다리 아래에 있던 차가 순식간에 떠내려갔어요
= As the river flooded due to heavy rain, the car under the bridge was quickly swept away
뒷받침하다 = to support, to back up
Common Usages:
주장을 뒷받침하다 = to support a claim
Examples:
수중에서 정박하려던 배가 조류 때문에 계속 떠내려가나 봐요
= It looks like the ship trying to anchor underwater is drifting because of the current
이 연구 결과는 그의 주장을 과학적으로 뒷받침해 주는 중요한 근거가 돼요
= These research findings serve as important evidence that scientifically supports his argument
Adjectives:
밋밋하다 = to be bland
Examples:
국이 뜨끈하나 맛은 밋밋해요
= The soup is hot, but the taste is bland
이 국은 간이 너무 밋밋해서 소금이 좀 더 필요하겠어요
= This soup is too bland, so it probably needs a bit more salt
뜨끈하다 = to be fairly hot
Examples:
국이 뜨끈하나 맛은 밋밋해요
= The soup is hot, but the taste is bland
겨울에는 이렇게 뜨끈한 온천물에 몸을 담그는 게 제일 행복하다
= In winter, there’s nothing better than soaking in hot spring water like this
Introduction
In this lesson, and the next few, we will take a deep dive into ~나 and its more complex uses. In this lesson, you will see how ~나 can have a similar meaning to that of ~지만. Let’s get started.
~(으)나: Even Though
Throughout our lessons, you have seen a lot of things that ~나 attaches to. We’re going to take a deep dive into ~나 in the next few lessons, so let’s review the various ways we’ve seen it used so far.
In Lesson 21, you saw that ~나 is used at the end of a sentence to ask a question:
그렇게 중요한 중책을 그 사람에게 맡겨도 되나요?
= Can we really entrust such an important responsibility to that person?
In Lesson 25, you saw that ~(이)나 can be added to certain words and particles to indicate refer to “any” of those nouns:
요건만 맞으면 아무 거나 선택해도 가산점이 주어져요
= As long as the requirements are met, you’ll receive bonus points no matter what you choose
In Lesson 58, you saw how ~(이)나 can be added to nouns to refer to a noun “or” another noun:
방역이나 방책 중 하나는 제대로 뒷받침되어야 해요
= Either disease prevention or a proper strategy must be backed up properly
In Lesson 109, you saw how ~나 보다 can be used to indicate a guess:
수중에서 정박하려던 배가 조류 때문에 계속 떠내려가나 봐요
= It looks like the ship trying to anchor underwater is drifting because of the current
In Lesson 173, you saw how ~나 싶다 can also be used to indicate a wonder:
요점보다는 세부에 너무 집착하고 있나 싶다
= I wonder if we’re focusing too much on the fine details rather than the main point
As you can see, the second and third examples use ~(이)나, while the others use ~나. Surprisingly, none of these grammatical principles are ~(으)나, where ~으나 is added to things ending in a consonant (except ㄹ) and ~나 is added to things ending in a vowel (and ㄹ).
This lesson is about ~(으)나. ~(으)나 is added to verbs, adjectives and 이다 to indicate the content of the first clause and the content in the second clause are different from each other. For example:
배가 고프나 먹을 게 없어요
= Even though I’m hungry, there’s nothing to eat
You can also add ~(으)나 to ~았/었 to indicate that the first clause is in the past tense. For example:
열심히 공부했으나 시험을 망쳤어요
= Even though I studied hard, I failed the exam
Here, you can see that the expectation based on the first clause is contradicted, and that the second clause occurs. This often translates to “even though” and is very similar to adding ~지만 (Lesson 47). For example:
배가 고프지만 먹을 게 없어요
= Even though I’m hungry, there’s nothing to eat
열심히 공부했지만 시험을 망쳤어요
= Even though I studied hard, I failed the exam
~(으)나 isn’t as common as ~지만. ~(으)나 is often used in literature and has a bit of a philosophical feel. It is also common to see ~(으)나 in news sources like a newspaper or news television broadcasts. ~지만 is more conversational and neutral, whereas ~(으)나 often feels reflective, formal, or subdued, and is common in written narration or analysis.
Below are many more examples:
국이 뜨끈하나 맛은 밋밋해요
= The soup is hot, but the taste is bland
요점을 말하나 전달이 잘 안 돼요
= The main point is stated, but it isn’t communicated well
자료는 뒷받침하나 믿기 어려워요
= The data supports it, but it’s hard to believe
위험을 수반하나 포기할 수는 없어요
= It involves risk, but we can’t give up
세부사항은 다르나 전체 흐름은 같아요
= The details differ, but the overall flow is the same
요건은 갖췄으나 결과는 좋지 않았어요
= The requirements were met, but the result wasn’t good
가산점을 받았으나 순위는 변하지 않았어요
= Extra points were given, but the ranking didn’t change
That’s it for this lesson!