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Vocabulary
Nouns:
필사 = desperation
Examples:
제대로 된 정보조차 없는 상황에서 필사의 각오로 뛰어들었어요
= He jumped in with desperate resolve, even though he didn’t have proper information
그녀의 눈빛에는 필사적으로 목표를 이루려는 강한 의지가 드러나 있었어요
= In her eyes was a desperate determination to achieve her goal
각오 = determination, resolve
Examples:
제대로 된 정보조차 없는 상황에서 필사의 각오로 뛰어들었어요
= He jumped in with desperate resolve, even though he didn’t have proper information
그는 어떤 어려움이 닥쳐도 물러서지 않겠다는 각오로 일을 시작했어요
= He began his work with the resolve not to back down, no matter the challenge
구조 = structure
Examples:
그 아저씨의 괴팍한 성격 때문에 친구조차 다 떨어져 나갔어요
= Because of that man’s bad temper, even his friends drifted away
그는 임의로 수정했지만 기본 구조조차 이해하지 못하고 있었어요
= He made changes as he liked, but didn’t even understand the basic structure
산악 구조대는 신속하고 학자다운 분석력으로 실종자를 수색했어요
= The mountain rescue team searched for the missing person swiftly and with scholarly analysis
원인 = cause
Common Usages:
사고 원인 = cause of an accident
피해 원인 = cause of damage
원인 파악 = identifying a cause
Examples:
그 문제의 근본적인 원인을 해결해야 돼요
= We need to solve the fundamental cause of that issue
죄수가 감옥을 지키는 경비원인 척하고 감옥에서 탈출했어요
= The prisoners pretended that they were guards protecting the prison and then escaped
해결 방안은 물론이고 문제의 원인조차 명확하지 않았어요
= Not only was the solution unclear, but even the cause of the problem was uncertain
임의 = as one likes
Examples:
그는 임의로 수정했지만 기본 구조조차 이해하지 못하고 있었어요
= He made changes as he liked, but didn’t even understand the basic structure
그가 임의로 계약서를 수정해서 큰 문제를 일으켰어요
= He arbitrarily altered the contract and caused a major issue
상호 = mutual, reciprocal
Common Usages:
상호 작용 = interaction
상호 동의 = mutual agreement
Examples:
상호 존중조차 없이 논쟁만 반복되었어요
= The argument kept repeating without even mutual respect
두 회사는 상호 협력을 통해 새로운 기술을 개발하기로 합의했어요
= The two companies agreed to develop new technology through mutual cooperation
원작 = original
Common Usages:
원작자 = original author
Examples:
이 영화는 유명 소설을 원작으로 제작되었어요
= This film was produced based on a famous original novel
친선 = friendly relations
Common Usages:
친선 경기 = friendly match (in sports)
친선을 유지하다 = to maintain friendly relations
그 나라는 친선조차 무시하고 일방적인 조치를 취했어요
= That country ignored even friendly relations and took unilateral action
두 나라의 친선 관계는 문화 교류를 통해 더욱 돈독해졌어요
= The friendly relations between the two countries grew stronger through cultural exchanges
방안 = way, method
Common Usages:
해결 방안 = solution, way to resolve
방안을 도출하다 = to derive a plan, to come up with a solution
Examples:
해결 방안은 물론이고 문제의 원인조차 명확하지 않았어요
= Not only was the solution unclear, but even the cause of the problem was uncertain
오늘 밤까지 이 문제에 해결방안을 찾아내세요
= Find a solution to this problem by tonight
영리를 추구하는 기업들은 직원의 복지보다 회사의 이익을 늘리는 방안에 더 신경을 써요
= Companies that pursue profit care more about ways to increase profit than they do about their workers’ welfare
처벌 = punishment
Common Usages:
강력 처벌 = severe punishment
Examples:
학대자는 반드시 법의 처벌을 받아야 해요
= Abusers must be punished by law
그 직원이 상사의 명령에 불복종했지만 처벌조차 받지 않았어요
= That worker disobeyed his superior’s orders but didn’t even receive any punishment
조형물 = sculpture
Examples:
그 조형물은 자유를 상징하지만, 시민조차 그 의미를 잘 몰라요
= That sculpture symbolizes freedom, but even the citizens don’t really know its meaning
광장 한가운데에는 평화를 상징하는 거대한 조형물이 세워져 있어요
= In the center of the square stands a huge sculpture symbolizing peace
Verbs:
뛰어들다 = to jump in
Examples:
그는 망설임 없이 강물에 뛰어들어 아이를 구했어요
= Without hesitation, he jumped into the river to save the child
제대로 된 정보조차 없는 상황에서 필사의 각오로 뛰어들었어요
= He jumped in with desperate resolve, even though he didn’t have proper information
감상하다 = to appreciate
Examples:
작품을 그렇게 짧은 시간 동안 보면 제대로 작품을 감상할 수 없어요
= If you look at the art for that short of a time, you won’t be able to appreciate it
원작을 감상해 본 적조차 없이 리메이크를 비판했어요
= He criticized the remake without even having appreciating the original work
비판하다 = to criticize
Common Usages:
비판을 피하다 = to avoid criticism
비판가 = critic
Examples:
원작을 감상해 본 적조차 없이 리메이크를 비판했어요
= He criticized the remake without even having appreciating the original work
그 평론가는 영화의 연출력을 높이 평가하면서도 스토리를 비판했어요
= The critic praised the film’s direction but criticized its story
상징하다 = to represent
Examples:
서구 문명은 현대화의 상징이다
= Western civilization is a symbol of modernization
장미는 사랑과 아름다움의 상징이에요
= Roses symbolize love and beauty
한없이 넓은 하늘이야말로 인류의 끝없는 가능성을 상징해요
= The endlessly vast sky is truly a symbol of humanity’s limitless potential
그 조형물은 자유를 상징하지만, 시민조차 그 의미를 잘 몰라요
= That sculpture symbolizes freedom, but even the citizens don’t really know its meaning
불복종하다 = to disobey
Examples:
시민들은 부당한 명령에 불복종하며 거리로 나섰어요
= The citizens disobeyed the unjust orders and took to the streets
그 직원이 상사의 명령에 불복종했지만 처벌조차 받지 않았어요
= That worker disobeyed his superior’s orders but didn’t even receive any punishment
Adjectives:
명확하다 = to be clear
그 문제는 애매모호하여 명확한 해결책이 필요해요
= The issue is ambiguous, and a clear solution is needed
부사를 적절히 잘 사용하면 문자의 의미를 더 명확하게 전달 할 수 있어요
= If you use adverbs appropriately, you convey the meaning of your sentence more precisely
해결 방안은 물론이고 문제의 원인조차 명확하지 않았어요
= Not only was the solution unclear, but even the cause of the problem was uncertain
괴팍하다 = to be bad-tempered
Examples:
그 아저씨의 괴팍한 성격 때문에 친구조차 다 떨어져 나갔어요
= Because of that man’s bad temper, even his friends drifted away
그는 성격이 다소 괴팍해서 주변 사람들과 자주 부딪혀요
= He’s rather bad-tempered, so he often clashes with people around him
널찍하다 = to be spacious
Examples:
이 방은 널찍해서 회의실로 쓰기에 적합해요
= This room is spacious and suitable for use as a meeting room
이 집은 꽤 널찍하지만 책상 하나 놓을 자리조차 없어요
= This house is fairly spacious, but there’s not even room for a desk
자그마하다 = to be rather small
Examples:
자그마한 소리조차 민감하게 반응하는 센서였어요
= It was a sensor that reacted even to the tiniest sound
그녀는 자그마한 체구에도 불구하고 놀라운 체력을 가지고 있어요
= Despite her small build, she has remarkable strength
Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn about ~조차, a particle attached to nouns that has a similar function to ~도. We will explore how ~조차 differs from ~도 and how it adds emphasis. Let’s get started.
~조차: Even one particular noun
In Lesson 4 you saw how you can attach ~도 to nouns to indicate that something is the case for a particular noun in addition to other nouns. For example:
우리는 돈도 안 가져왔어요
= We didn’t bring the money, either
In this sentence, the use of ~도 indicates that there were other things that were not brought as well. It’s not clear with this one sentence what the objects were, but the use of ~도 indicates that there were other things. Maybe you also didn’t bring your credit cards, maybe you also didn’t bring your phone, maybe you also didn’t bring your BTS album.
~조차 is a particle that has a similar use as ~도. It also has a similar, but not identical meaning. Let’s look at a similar sentence to the one above:
우리는 밥을 사 먹을 돈조차 없었어요
= We didn’t even have money to buy food
Here, similar to ~도, the use of ~조차 indicates that other things were not able to be bought in addition to rice. However, attaching ~조차 to 밥 emphasizes that even this very basic or essential thing couldn’t be bought, highlighting the severity of the situation. In this sense, 조차 emphasizes the severity or extent of a situation. Usually ~조차 is attached to something very basic, obvious, or minimal and makes the situation being described dire or extreme.
~조차 is attached to nouns, but it can also be attached to things that have changed into a noun. A common thing that ~조차 is attached to is ~기 (Lesson 29), which can be used to turn an adjective or verb into a noun. Here is a common example:
저는 서 있기조차 못했어요
= I couldn’t even stand
Here, ~조차 is attached to the act of “standing” to indicate that the person is in such a dire or extreme situation that they couldn’t do many actions. ~조차 indicates that standing, usually a very trivial task wasn’t able to be done. This emphasizes how exhausted, weak, or overwhelmed the speaker would have been.
~조차 can also attach to the subject of the sentence. Let’s compare ~도 and ~조차 for this as well. Check out the following sentence:
아이조차 그 문제를 풀었어요
= Even the child solved that problem
Here, ~조차 is indicating the extreme that the problem is so simple, even a child is able to solve the problem. However, notice the difference in the following:
아이도 그 문제를 풀었어요
= The child, as well, solved that problem
Here, ~도 simply indicates that at least one other person (or group of people) solved the problem. For example, it’s possible that adults, teenagers and kids solved the problem. Here, ~도 doesn’t have the added nuance that the speaker is trying to suggest that the problem is “so easy” that even a child solved it. Rather, the speaker is simply indicating the fact that a child, in addition to others, solved it.
Below are many more examples:
상호 존중조차 없이 논쟁만 반복되었어요
= The argument kept repeating without even mutual respect
자그마한 소리조차 민감하게 반응하는 센서였어요
= It was a sensor that reacted even to the tiniest sound
원작을 감상해 본 적조차 없이 리메이크를 비판했어요
= He criticized the remake without even having appreciating the original work
그 아저씨의 괴팍한 성격 때문에 친구조차 다 떨어져 나갔어요
= Because of that man’s bad temper, even his friends drifted away
이 집은 꽤 널찍하지만 책상 하나 놓을 자리조차 없어요
= This house is fairly spacious, but there’s not even room for a desk
그 나라는 친선조차 무시하고 일방적인 조치를 취했어요
= That country ignored even friendly relations and took unilateral action
그 직원이 상사의 명령에 불복종했지만 처벌조차 받지 않았어요
= That worker disobeyed his superior’s orders but didn’t even receive any punishment
해결 방안은 물론이고 문제의 원인조차 명확하지 않았어요
= Not only was the solution unclear, but even the cause of the problem was uncertain
그 조형물은 자유를 상징하지만, 시민조차 그 의미를 잘 몰라요
= That sculpture symbolizes freedom, but even the citizens don’t really know its meaning
제대로 된 정보조차 없는 상황에서 필사의 각오로 뛰어들었어요
= He jumped in with desperate resolve, even though he didn’t have proper information
그는 임의로 수정했지만 기본 구조조차 이해하지 못하고 있었어요
= He made changes as he liked, but didn’t even understand the basic structure
That’s it for this lesson!