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Vocabulary
Nouns:
관내 = jurisdiction
Examples:
관내 발급된 전표는 시스템에 자동 등록되오니 별도의 제출은 필요하지 않습니다
= Statements issued within our jurisdiction are automatically registered in the system, so separate submission is not required
관내 행사장은 관계자 외 출입이 금지되어 있으니 반드시 신분증을 제시해야 해요
= Since the venue is within the jurisdiction, only authorized personnel are allowed, and an ID must be presented
전표 = statement
Examples:
회계 부서는 모든 전표를 매달 말에 정리해 본사로 보내요
= The accounting department organizes all statements and sends them to headquarters at the end of each month
관내 발급된 전표는 시스템에 자동 등록되오니 별도의 제출은 필요하지 않습니다
= Statements issued within our jurisdiction are automatically registered in the system, so separate submission is not required
등불 = lantern
Common Usages:
등불을 밝히다 = to light a lantern
Examples:
이 길은 어두우오니 등불을 챙기기 바랍니다
= This road is dark, so please bring a lantern
밤이 깊어지자 등불 하나만이 희미하게 길을 비추고 있었어요
= As night deepened, only a single lantern faintly lit the path
고압 = high pressure
Common Usages:
고압산소치료 = hyperbaric oxygen therapy
고압전류 = high-voltage current
Examples:
고압 전류가 흐르오니 절대 손대지 마십시오
= High-voltage current present, do not touch under any circumstances
이 기계는 고압의 공기를 이용해 강한 추진력을 내요
= This machine uses high-pressure air to generate strong propulsion
전류 = electric current
Common Usages:
고압전류 = high-voltage current
Examples:
고압 전류가 흐르오니 절대 손대지 마십시오
= High-voltage current present, do not touch under any circumstances
전류가 흐르지 않으면 회로 전체가 작동하지 않아요
= If no electric current flows, the entire circuit won’t function
전압 = voltage
전압이 너무 높으면 기계가 손상될 수 있으니 주의해야 해요
= If the voltage is too high, the machine could be damaged, so caution is required
지연 = delay
Common Usages:
지연 출발 = delayed departure
Examples:
물류 시스템이 원활하지 않으면 배달이 지연될 수 있어요
= If the distribution system is not smooth, deliveries may be delayed
재고가 부족해서 배송이 지연될 수 있어요
= The delivery may be delayed due to low stock
본 시스템은 정기적으로 점검되오니 일시적인 접속 지연이 발생할 수 있습니다
= As this system is inspected regularly, temporary access delays may occur
관계자 = authorized personnel
Common Usages:
관계자 회의 = stakeholders’ meeting
Examples:
출입이 통제되오니 관계자 외 출입을 금합니다
= Access restricted – authorized personnel only
관계자 외 인원의 출입은 중대한 사고로 이어질 수 있음을 경고한 바 이를 위반하는 경우 책임을 면할 수 없습니다
= As we have already warned that unauthorized personnel entering could lead to serious accidents, those who violate this will bear full responsibility
귀마개 = ear protection
Examples:
소음이 심하오니 귀마개 착용을 권장합니다
= The noise is loud, so ear protection is recommended
소음이 심한 공장 안에서는 귀마개를 반드시 착용해야 해요
= In noisy factories, you must wear ear protection at all times
일시적 = temporary
Common Usages:
일시적 증상 = temporary symptom
일시적 현상 = temporary phenomenon
Examples:
이 증상은 일시적이므로 며칠만 지나면 자연스럽게 사라질 거예요
= This symptom is temporary, so it will disappear naturally after a few days
본 시스템은 정기적으로 점검되오니 일시적인 접속 지연이 발생할 수 있습니다
= As this system is inspected regularly, temporary access delays may occur
즉각적 = immediate
Common Usages:
즉각적 반응 = immediate reaction
즉각적 현상 = immediate phenomenon
Examples:
즉각적으로 조치하오니 더 큰 피해는 막을 수 있었습니다
= Since we took immediate action, we were able to prevent further damage
그 문제에 대한 즉각적인 조치가 필요해요
= Immediate measures are necessary to that problem
Verbs:
삼가다 = to refrain from
Examples:
작업 중이오니 통행을 삼가 주시기 바랍니다
= Work in progress -please refrain from passing through
회의 중에는 사적인 발언을 삼가 주시기 바랍니다
= Please refrain from making personal comments during the meeting
저물다 = to get dark
Common Usages:
날이 저물다 = for the day to grow dark
Examples:
날이 저물어 가오니 우리도 길을 재촉해야 합니다
= The day is fading, so we must hurry along
해가 저물자 사람들은 하나둘 집으로 발길을 돌렸어요
= As the sun set, people gradually turned their steps toward home
금하다 = to prohibit
Examples:
법으로 금한 행위를 하면 아무리 몰랐다고 해도 처벌받게 돼요
= Even if you claim ignorance, committing a prohibited act by law will still be punished
손대다 = to touch
Examples:
고압 전류가 흐르오니 절대 손대지 마십시오
= High-voltage current present, do not touch under any circumstances
작품에 함부로 손대면 복원이 어려워질 수 있어요
= If you touch the artwork carelessly, it may become difficult to restore
조치하다 = to take action/steps/measures
Examples:
이것은 임시 조치일 뿐이에요
= This is just a temporary measure
즉각적으로 조치하오니 더 큰 피해는 막을 수 있었습니다
= Since we took immediate action, we were able to prevent further damage
그 나라는 친선조차 무시하고 일방적인 조치를 취했어요
= That country ignored even friendly relations and took unilateral action
그 문제에 대한 즉각적인 조치가 필요해요
= Immediate measures are necessary to that problem
재촉하다 = to hurry somebody
Examples:
늦게 도착할까 봐 애들을 재촉했어요
= I was worried that we would be late, so I hurried the kids along
늦잠 자는 바람에 학교에 늦게 갈까 봐 엄마가 서둘라고 재촉했어요
= My mom told me to hurry up because I slept in and she was worried I would be late for school
날이 저물어 가오니 우리도 길을 재촉해야 합니다
= The day is fading, so we must hurry along
권장하다 = to recommend
Common Usages:
권장사항 = recommendation
권장도서 = recommended book
Examples:
소음이 심하오니 귀마개 착용을 권장합니다
= The noise is loud, so ear protection is recommended
전문가들은 시민들에게 정기적인 건강 검진을 권장하고 있어요
= Experts recommend that citizens get regular health checkups
Adjectives:
공손하다 = to be polite
Examples:
태도가 매우 공손하오니 거짓말을 하지 않는 거 같습니다
= Since his attitude is very polite, it seems he isn’t lying
그는 언제나 말투가 공손해서 누구와도 쉽게 잘 지내요
= He always speaks politely, so he gets along easily with everyone
Adverbs and Other Words:
본 = formal determiner prefix to describe this, the present, the said in official or written style
Examples:
본 회의에서는 다음 분기 예산안을 중심으로 논의가 진행될 예정이에요
= In this meeting, discussions will focus mainly on the budget proposal for the next quarter
Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn about the structure of a common literary infix: ~오~. That is, a particle that squeezes between words and other grammatical principles. Although this infix is somewhat old-fashioned, it shows up a lot in literature and formal situations. Let’s get started!
Where ~(으)오~ Appears
Grammatically, you can place ~(으)오~ onto any verb, adjective or 이다, but not to standalone nouns. For example:
가오~
먹으오~
사람이오~
A variety of grammatical principles can be attached to ~(으)오~, but most are archaic uses and are not common in modern Korean. For example, if you were watching a historical Korean drama where the characters were based in the 1500s, you might hear the following:
제가 곧 가오리다
Here, ~오리다 has the meaning similar to ~겠어요 or ~ㄹ/을게요 in modern Korean. Therefore, the sentence above translates to something like:
I will go soon
The official grammatical principle is ~(으)오~, where ~으오~ is attached to word stems ending in a consonant (except ㄹ), and ~오 is added to word stems ending in a vowel (and ㄹ). However, in modern Korean, while it is grammatically acceptable to use ~으오~, you are likely to only see the ~오~ variety. That is, you are unlikely to see things like:
먹다 – 먹으오~
닫다 – 닫으오~
Grammatically these are acceptable, but you are likely to see ~(으)오~ attached to word stems that end in a vowel (which includes 이다). This means that ~으오~ is never really used anymore, but you are still able to see ~오~ in modern Korean. For example:
가다 – 가오~
위험하다 – 위험하오~
이다 – 이오~
The addition of ~(으)오 brings about an irregular adaptation that has not yet been introduced in our lessons. The addition of ~(으)오 causes verb and adjective stems to change in the same way as when adding ~(으)니. I personally find the irregular pattern for ~(으)오 quite intuitive except for the ㄹ irregular.
Below you can see a table with ~(으)오~ attached appropriately to a word for each irregular. While all are grammatically possible, you are likely to only see two in modern Korean. Specifically, the two where ~(으)오~ is added to verb/adjective stems that end in a vowel.
| Irregular | Word | Application | Common in modern Korean? |
| ㅅ | 짓다 (to build) | 지으오 | NO |
| ㄷ | 걷다 (to walk) | 걸으오 | NO |
| ㅂ | 돕다 (to help) | 도우오 | NO |
| ㅡ | 잠그다 (to lock) | 잠그오 | YES |
| 르 | 자르다 (to cut) | 자르오 | YES |
| ㄹ | 살다 (to live) | 사오 | NO |
| ㅎ | 그렇다 (to be like that) | 그러오 | NO |
Now that we know what ~(으)오 can be attached to, let’s discuss what grammatical endings can attach to it. In modern Korean, the most common grammatical principle you will see attached to it is ~(으)니. You learned about ~(으)니 in Lesson 81. Let’s focus on this.
~(으)오니
In Lesson 81, you learned how to use ~(으)니 and how it can be used to give a suggestion; provide background information or to give an excuse. In certain formal contexts, it is possible to include ~오~ between ~(으)니 and the verb/adjective/이다 that it is attached to. Using ~오~ is done in very specific situations – especially in places that want to sound formal, polite, and serious. Situations that typically use this form include public warning signs, official announcements and in literature.
Signs
In signs made for the general public, especially warning signs where the voice should be serious yet still respectful, it is common to see ~오니. For example:
고압 전류가 흐르오니 절대 손대지 마십시오
= High-voltage current present, do not touch under any circumstances
출입이 통제되오니 관계자 외 출입을 금합니다
= Access restricted – authorized personnel only
작업 중이오니 통행을 삼가 주시기 바랍니다
= Work in progress – please refrain from passing through
소음이 심하오니 귀마개 착용을 권장합니다
= Loud noise – ear protection recommended
Written Works
In written work, there is often the need to sound poetic or literary. As such, you will sometimes see ~오니 in writing. For example:
하늘이 흐리오니 비가 올 것 같습니다
= The sky is cloudy, it looks like it will rain
이 길은 어두우오니 등불을 챙기기 바랍니다
= This road is dark, so please bring a lantern
날이 저물어 가오니 우리도 길을 재촉해야 합니다
= The day is fading, so we must hurry along
태도가 매우 공손하오니 거짓말을 하지 않는 거 같습니다
= Since his attitude is very polite, it seems he isn’t lying
즉각적으로 조치하오니 더 큰 피해는 막을 수 있었습니다
= Since we took immediate action, we were able to prevent further damage
이 편지가 마지막 희망이오니 반드시 전해 주시기를 바랍니다
= This letter is our last hope – I ask you to deliver it no matter what
Public Statements
When the government or businesses make announcements for the general public or clients, the voice should be serious yet still formal. Therefore, it is common to see ~오니. For example:
본 시스템은 정기적으로 점검되오니 일시적인 접속 지연이 발생할 수 있습니다
= As this system is inspected regularly, temporary access delays may occur
관내 발급된 전표는 시스템에 자동 등록되오니 별도의 제출은 필요하지 않습니다
= Statements issued within our jurisdiction are automatically registered in the system, so separate submission is not required
That’s it for this lesson!